Network Protocols You Need to Know for Interviews
What is the network?
According to Merriam Webster, Network is commonly an informally interconnected group or clan of unlike entities like a person, computers, radio stations, etc.
For example, Dominos has a network of 1232 branches across Bharat. Every bit the name suggests the computer network is a system of peripherals or computers interconnected with each other and has a standard communication channel established betwixt them to exchange different types of data and data.
Why is the computer network and so of import?
Have you lot ever heard of the Internet or NET? I guess you lot have, equally you lot are already reading this commodity on Interviewbit surfing through the internet. Only, have you ever idea well-nigh the internet? The Internet is a network of a network connecting all different network-enabled devices which enable data and information sharing between them and that makes computer networks a cadre part of our life and technical interviews.
Below is the list of all commonly asked networking questions in technical interviews from bones to advanced level.
Basic Networking Interview Questions
1. How are Network types classified?
Network types can be classified and divided based on the area of distribution of the network. The below diagram would help to sympathise the same:
ii. Explain different types of networks.
Below are few types of networks:
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| PAN (Personal Area Network) | Allow devices connect and communicate over the range of a person. E.g. connecting Bluetooth devices. |
| LAN (Local Area Network) | It is a privately owned network that operates within and nearby a unmarried building like a habitation, office, or factory |
| MAN (Metropolitan Expanse Network) | Information technology connects and covers the whole city. E.one thousand. Telly Cable connectedness over the city |
| WAN (Broad Surface area Network) | It spans a large geographical expanse, often a state or continent. The Net is the largest WAN |
| GAN (Global Area Network) | It is also known every bit the Cyberspace which connects the globe using satellites. The Internet is likewise called the Network of WANs. |
3. Explain LAN (Local Surface area Network)
LANs are widely used to connect computers/laptops and consumer electronics which enables them to share resources (e.thou., printers, fax machines) and substitution data. When LANs are used by companies or organizations, they are called enterprise networks. There are ii different types of LAN networks i.e. wireless LAN (no wires involved achieved using Wi-Fi) and wired LAN (achieved using LAN cable). Wireless LANs are very popular these days for places where installing wire is hard. The below diagrams explicate both wireless and wired LAN.
iv. Tell me something well-nigh VPN (Virtual Private Network)
VPN or the Virtual Private Network is a private WAN (Wide Area Network) built on the internet. It allows the creation of a secured tunnel (protected network) between different networks using the internet (public network). By using the VPN, a customer can connect to the organisation'due south network remotely. The below diagram shows an organizational WAN network over Australia created using VPN:
five. What are the advantages of using a VPN?
Below are few advantages of using VPN:
- VPN is used to connect offices in unlike geographical locations remotely and is cheaper when compared to WAN connections.
- VPN is used for secure transactions and confidential data transfer between multiple offices located in different geographical locations.
- VPN keeps an system's data secured confronting any potential threats or intrusions by using virtualization.
- VPN encrypts the internet traffic and disguises the online identity.
6. What are the different types of VPN?
Few types of VPN are:
- Access VPN: Access VPN is used to provide connectivity to remote mobile users and telecommuters. It serves as an alternative to dial-upwardly connections or ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) connections. It is a depression-cost solution and provides a wide range of connectivity.
- Site-to-Site VPN: A Site-to-Site or Router-to-Router VPN is usually used in large companies having branches in unlike locations to connect the network of one office to another in different locations. In that location are 2 sub-categories as mentioned beneath:
- Intranet VPN: Intranet VPN is useful for connecting remote offices in dissimilar geographical locations using shared infrastructure (internet connectivity and servers) with the same accessibility policies as a private WAN (broad area network).
- Extranet VPN: Extranet VPN uses shared infrastructure over an intranet, suppliers, customers, partners, and other entities and connects them using defended connections.
7. What are nodes and links?
Node: Any communicating device in a network is chosen a Node. Node is the point of intersection in a network. It tin can send/receive data and data inside a network. Examples of the node can be computers, laptops, printers, servers, modems, etc.
Link: A link or edge refers to the connectivity between two nodes in the network. It includes the type of connectivity (wired or wireless) betwixt the nodes and protocols used for one node to exist able to communicate with the other.
eight. What is the network topology?
Network topology is a physical layout of the network, connecting the dissimilar nodes using the links. It depicts the connectivity between the computers, devices, cables, etc.
9. Define different types of network topology
The different types of network topology are given below:
Bus Topology:
- All the nodes are continued using the primal link known as the double-decker.
- It is useful to connect a smaller number of devices.
- If the main cable gets damaged, it will damage the whole network.
Star Topology:
- All the nodes are continued to i single node known as the central node.
- It is more robust.
- If the fundamental node fails the complete network is damaged.
- Like shooting fish in a barrel to troubleshoot.
- Mainly used in home and office networks.
Ring Topology:
- Each node is connected to exactly two nodes forming a ring structure
- If one of the nodes are damaged, it will damage the whole network
- It is used very rarely every bit it is expensive and hard to install and manage
Mesh Topology:
- Each node is connected to ane or many nodes.
- It is robust equally failure in i link simply disconnects that node.
- It is rarely used and installation and direction are difficult.
Tree Topology:
- A combination of star and bus topology also know as an extended bus topology.
- All the smaller star networks are connected to a single coach.
- If the main bus fails, the whole network is damaged.
Hybrid:
- It is a combination of different topologies to form a new topology.
- It helps to ignore the drawback of a particular topology and helps to pick the strengths from other.
x. What is an IPv4 address? What are the unlike classes of IPv4?
An IP address is a 32-bit dynamic accost of a node in the network. An IPv4 address has 4 octets of eight-bit each with each number with a value up to 255.
IPv4 classes are differentiated based on the number of hosts information technology supports on the network. There are v types of IPv4 classes and are based on the starting time octet of IP addresses which are classified as Class A, B, C, D, or E.
| IPv4 Course | IPv4 Start Address | IPv4 End Address | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 0.0.0.0 | 127.255.255.255 | Used for Large Network |
| B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.255.255 | Used for Medium Size Network |
| C | 192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.255 | Used for Local Area Network |
| D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | Reserved for Multicasting |
| East | 240.0.0.0 | 255.255.255.254 | Report and R&D |
11. What are Individual and Special IP addresses?
Private Accost: For each class, there are specific IPs that are reserved specifically for private use just. This IP accost cannot be used for devices on the Internet as they are not-routable.
| IPv4 Class | Individual IPv4 Start Accost | Private IPv4 Cease Address |
|---|---|---|
| A | ten.0.0.0 | x.255.255.255 |
| B | 172.16.0.0 | 172.31.255.255 |
| B | 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 |
Special Address: IP Range from 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 are network testing addresses as well known as loopback addresses are the special IP address.
Avant-garde Interview Questions
21. What is the TCP protocol?
TCP or TCP/IP is the Transmission Control Protocol/Cyberspace Protocol. Information technology is a set of rules that decides how a estimator connects to the Internet and how to transmit the data over the network. It creates a virtual network when more than 1 reckoner is connected to the network and uses the three ways handshake model to found the connection which makes information technology more reliable.
22. What is the UDP protocol?
UDP is the User Datagram Protocol and is based on Datagrams. Mainly, information technology is used for multicasting and broadcasting. Its functionality is most the same as TCP/IP Protocol except for the three means of handshaking and mistake checking. It uses a elementary transmission without whatever hand-shaking which makes it less reliable.
23. Compare between TCP and UDP
| TCP/IP | UDP |
|---|---|
| Connection-Oriented Protocol | Connectionless Protocol |
| More Reliable | Less Reliable |
| Slower Transmission | Faster Manual |
| Packets order can be preserved or can exist rearranged | Packets order is not fixed and packets are independent of each other |
| Uses three ways handshake model for connection | No handshake for establishing the connection |
| TCP packets are heavy-weight | UDP packets are calorie-free-weight |
| Offers error checking machinery | No error checking mechanism |
| Protocols like HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, HTTPS, etc use TCP at the transport layer | Protocols like DNS, RIP, SNMP, RTP, BOOTP, TFTP, NIP, etc apply UDP at the ship layer |
24. What is the ICMP protocol?
ICMP is the Cyberspace Control Message Protocol. Information technology is a network layer protocol used for fault treatment. It is mainly used by network devices like routers for diagnosing the network connection issues and crucial for error reporting and testing if the data is reaching the preferred destination in fourth dimension. It uses port vii past default.
25. What do you lot mean by the DHCP Protocol?
DHCP is the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
It is an application layer protocol used to auto-configure devices on IP networks enabling them to utilise the TCP and UDP-based protocols. The DHCP servers auto-assign the IPs and other network configurations to the devices individually which enables them to communicate over the IP network. It helps to go the subnet mask, IP address and helps to resolve the DNS. It uses port 67 by default.
26. What is the ARP protocol?
ARP is Accost Resolution Protocol. It is a network-level protocol used to catechumen the logical address i.east. IP address to the device's physical accost i.east. MAC address. Information technology can also be used to go the MAC address of devices when they are trying to communicate over the local network.
27. What is the FTP protocol?
FTP is a File Transfer Protocol. Information technology is an application layer protocol used to transfer files and information reliably and efficiently between hosts. It can too be used to download files from remote servers to your estimator. It uses port 27 by default.
28. What is the MAC address and how is it related to NIC?
MAC address is the Media Access Control address. It is a 48-bit or 64-bit unique identifier of devices in the network. It is also called the physical accost embedded with Network Interface Carte du jour (NIC) used at the Information Link Layer. NIC is a hardware component in the networking device using which a device can connect to the network.
29. Differentiate the MAC address with the IP address
The difference between MAC address and IP address are as follows:
| MAC Address | IP Address |
|---|---|
| Media Access Control Accost | Internet Protocol Accost |
| vi or viii-byte hexadecimal number | iv (IPv4) or 16 (IPv6) Byte address |
| Information technology is embedded with NIC | Information technology is obtained from the network |
| Physical Address | Logical Accost |
| Operates at Data Link Layer | Operates at Network Layer. |
| Helps to identify the device | Helps to place the device connectivity on the network. |
thirty. What is a subnet?
A subnet is a network inside a network achieved by the process called subnetting which helps divide a network into subnets. It is used for getting a higher routing efficiency and enhances the security of the network. Information technology reduces the time to extract the host address from the routing table.
31. Compare the hub vs switch
| Hub | Switch |
|---|---|
| Operates at Physical Layer | Operates at Data Link Layer |
| Half-Duplex transmission mode | Full-Duplex transmission mode |
| Ethernet devices can be connectedsend | LAN devices tin be continued |
| Less complex, less intelligent, and cheaper | Intelligent and effective |
| No software support for the assistants | Assistants software back up is present |
| Less speed up to 100 MBPS | Supports high speed in GBPS |
| Less efficient as there is no way to avoid collisions when more than than one nodes sends the packets at the same fourth dimension | More efficient as the collisions can exist avoided or reduced as compared to Hub |
32. What is the divergence between the ipconfig and the ifconfig?
| ipconfig | ifconfig |
|---|---|
| Net Protocol Configuration | Interface Configuration |
| Command used in Microsoft operating systems to view and configure network interfaces | Command used in MAC, Linux, UNIX operating systems to view and configure network interfaces |
| Used to get the TCP/IP summary and allows to changes the DHCP and DNS settings | |
33. What is the firewall?
The firewall is a network security system that is used to monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic and blocks the aforementioned based on the firewall security policies. It acts as a wall between the cyberspace (public network) and the networking devices (a private network). It is either a hardware device, software programme, or a combination of both. It adds a layer of security to the network.
34. What are Unicasting, Anycasting, Multicasting and Dissemination?
- Unicasting: If the message is sent to a single node from the source so it is known as unicasting. This is commonly used in networks to establish a new connection.
- Anycasting: If the message is sent to any of the nodes from the source then it is known as anycasting. Information technology is mainly used to get the content from any of the servers in the Content Commitment Arrangement.
- Multicasting: If the message is sent to a subset of nodes from the source then it is known as multicasting. Used to ship the same data to multiple receivers.
- Broadcasting: If the message is sent to all the nodes in a network from a source then it is known as broadcasting. DHCP and ARP in the local network use broadcasting.
35. What happens when you enter google.com in the spider web browser?
Below are the steps that are beingness followed:
- Cheque the browser cache first if the content is fresh and nowadays in cache display the same.
- If not, the browser checks if the IP of the URL is present in the enshroud (browser and Os) if non so request the Bone to do a DNS lookup using UDP to go the corresponding IP accost of the URL from the DNS server to institute a new TCP connectedness.
- A new TCP connection is fix between the browser and the server using three-style handshaking.
- An HTTP request is sent to the server using the TCP connection.
- The web servers running on the Servers handle the incoming HTTP request and send the HTTP response.
- The browser procedure the HTTP response sent by the server and may close the TCP connectedness or reuse the same for future requests.
- If the response information is cacheable then browsers cache the aforementioned.
- Browser decodes the response and renders the content.
Decision
In today's globe, it is very hard to stay away from the Internet and that is what makes networking one of the most of import interview topics. As of 2021 if we check the facts, in that location is a full of ane.three million kilometers of submarine optical cobweb cables set up globally to connect the earth to the Internet. These cables are more than enough to revolve effectually the earth more than 100 times.
Resources
Acquire Coding
How To Get Network Engineer
Network Engineer Salary
Networking MCQs
Source: https://www.interviewbit.com/networking-interview-questions/
0 Response to "Network Protocols You Need to Know for Interviews"
Post a Comment